There is continuing support for the clinical value of 40hz stimulation both auditory and visual as a way to slow the progression of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative disorders. Our original research with adults with early to mid-stage dementia showed that the progression can be rapidly reversed when using 1070nm stimulation. The efforts being undertaken at MIT and elsewhere are building support for what we already know, that is, specific patterns of neural entrainment support the renormalization of brain functions. What is not being discussed is the need for repatterning the electrophysiological activity in concert with the improvement of cortical perfusion and oxygenation and cellular metabolic function. This is where brainwave biofeedback training becomes an essential component of a comprehensive neurocognitive rehabilitation process. Our goal at Quietmind is to integrate these two intervention strategies to provid a closed-loop model of therapy that can be safely and afforadably self administered.  

Contact [email protected] for details. 

Sculpting New Visual Categories into the Human Brain
Traditionally, humans acquire visual knowledge through experience, study, or instruction. However, a groundbreaking study by Iordan et al., published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in December 2024, introduces an innovative method: directly sculpting activity patterns in the human brain to form new visual categories without explicit awareness.
The Study
The researchers employed closed-loop real-time functional MRI (fMRI) neurofeedback to noninvasively create new categories of visual objects in participants' brains. This technique involved monitoring participants' brain activity in real-time and providing feedback to encourage the formation of specific neural patterns associated with new visual categories.
Key Findings

• Neural Sculpting: Participants developed distinct neural representations for the new visual categories without conscious awareness.
  
• Behavioral Changes: Post-training, participants exhibited behavioral biases aligned with the newly formed categories, indicating that the neural changes influenced perception.
  
• Implications for Learning: This method demonstrates that it's possible to induce perceptual distinctions in the human brain directly, offering a novel paradigm for studying the causal link between neural representations and behavior.
  

Broader Implications
Beyond visual perception, this technique holds potential for advancing our understanding of various cognitive domains, including decision-making, memory, and motor control. By directly manipulating neural activity patterns, researchers can explore the underlying neural mechanisms of these complex processes in a controlled and noninvasive manner.

Conclusion
The study represents a significant advance in cognitive neuroscience, illustrating neurofeedback's ability to directly shape neural activity to form new visual categories and behaviors. This approach opens new avenues for research into the neural basis of perception and cognition, with potential applications in enhancing learning and rehabilitation strategies. These findings also provides further evidence for photonic stimulation's potential to influence neurophysiological and neurocognitive activity given its nutritive, neuroprotective, and neuromodulatory effects.
For more detailed information, refer to the full article: Iordan CR, Ritvo VJH, Norman KA, Turk-Browne NB, Cohen JD. Sculpting new visual categories into the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Dec 10;121(50):e2410445121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2410445121. Epub 2024 Dec 3. PMID: 39625982; PMCID: PMC11648923. citeturn0search0

This is a recent survey paper addressing the use of photobiomodulation for Alzheimer's and other dementias. It is a continuation of the many papers now being published on red and infrared light therapy where the benefits are promoted along with the need for more research. "It is of paramount importance to ascertain the ideal parameters for PBM in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This encompasses the identification of the most efficacious wavelengths, energy densities and treatment durations. Standardizing these parameters can enhance the consistency and reproducibility of the treatment."

I continue to share these papers to promote the use of light therapy along with neurofeedback training to optimize the effects of both interventions.  Quietmind Foundation's research and development efforts remain focused on the integration of these tools and their joint optimization.  

Please consider donating to Quietmind Fdn now (Donation Page) and subscribe to my (Substack)
where I'll be answering questions and sharing my experience in applying these tools to remediate symptoms associated with numerous neurodegenerative, neuropyschiatric and neurodev lopmental conditions.

This interview is a great introduction to the world of photobiomodulation (PBM) and 1070nm light stimulation specifically. Prof. Paul Chazot, Chair of Pharmacology at Durham University (UK) and Quietmind Foundation have been collaborating for over 17 years and publishing several papers on the use of 1070nm transcranial PBM. His comments covers 1070nm research history and the broader and profound implications on how icPBM fits into developing noninvasive therapies for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, and traumatic brain injury.

Quietmind is now developing treatment protocols for use with the Neuradiant (TM) 1070 technology.  
Call 267-481-3987 to arrange a consultation. 

Click here to watch the interview:  https://www youtube com/watch?v=sNmL_gLM6k0

As the world grapples with an aging population, the rise in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's is becoming a significant challenge. These conditions place a heavy burden not only on those afflicted but also on their families and society at large. Traditional treatments, including drug therapy and surgery, often come with side effects and high costs, and more critically, they fail to halt the progression of neuronal degeneration or prevent the death of neurons in patients.

However, the field of photobiomodulation (PBM), which is emerging as a promising alternative to conventional treatments, shows promise. A recent study in Advanced Photonics Nexus (published) introduces a noninvasive photonic approach that could revolutionize how we combat these debilitating diseases.
The research, led by Prof. Lei Chen of Hefei University of Technology, Prof. Bo Wang of Wuyi University, and their colleagues from the Institute of Brain Diseases of the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, focuses on the use of a special broadband near-infrared (NIR) phosphor, SrGa12O19:Cr3+. This phosphor emits NIR light that can persist for over two hours after ultraviolet irradiation has ceased, offering sustained therapeutic benefits.

The team meticulously optimized the synthesis and composition of the phosphor, resulting in the creation of an optimal compound, (Sr,Ba)Ga12O19:Cr3+, which was then used to package NIR LED devices. These devices demonstrated remarkable absorbance and quantum efficiency, with the optimal Sr(Ga0.99Cr0.01)12O19 phosphor reaching 53.9, 99.2, and 53.5% respectively. The luminescence performance of the phosphor remained high at 97.34% even at an operating temperature of 150°C. The LED devices encapsulated with this phosphor broke records, achieving an output power of 19.69 mW and an energy conversion efficiency of 37.58% at 20 mA, and 63.75 mW and 27.89% at 100 mA.

Immunofluorescence detection of BV-2 microglia in different light treatments. The broadband emission of the NIR LED device covers the absorption peaks of cytochrome c oxidase well, showing great promising for photomedicine application. Credit: Liu et al., doi 10.1117/1.APN.3.3.036008The study's most significant finding is the potential of NIR light in suppressing neuroinflammation. By culturing BV-2 microglia and subjecting them to various light treatments, the researchers demonstrated that NIR LEDs encapsulated with the SrGa12O19:Cr3+phosphor could effectively regulate microglia cells from the overexcited M1/M2 phenotype to the resting M0 phenotype. This transition is crucial as it alleviates, inhibits, or even reverses microglia inflammation. Furthermore, the NIR light was shown to promote the proliferation of microglia, enhance the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reverse overexcitation, reduce inflammation, and improve cell survival rates and activity. The implications of this study are profound, suggesting that LEDs, with their broadband NIR emission and tunable wavelengths, could match the wide absorption band of biological tissues more effectively than laser light sources, leading to better therapeutic outcomes.

This innovative photonic approach holds great promise for the future of photomedicine, potentially offering a noninvasive, cost-effective, and side-effect-free treatment option for millions of individuals suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and ALS.

The study used an at-home device that was then self administered once daily 6x/week for 12 weeks
the device parameters are: 810nm transcranial PBM for 20min, power density 150mw/cm2, Pulse 40hz, duty cycle 42%, beam spot 3cm, Joules 300/session. Same protocol used as the Cognitolite trial (Nizmutdinov, 2021) with sham control showing the operating lights but no PBM delivery.  This study only delivered light to default mode network (DMN), including frontal, parietal, posterior precuneus, and posterior cingulate. 

Results were somewhat positive but limited by virtue of the lower wavelength and distribution of the stimulation compared to the Cognitolite that was fully transcranial and intraocular. This led to more robust improvements in memory, mood and motor functioning in that mild to moderate AD cohort. 

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This poster from Paul Chazot's lab by his doctoral student Lydia Kitchen is a succinct explication of how continuous near infrared stimulation at 1065-1070nm can remediate the destructive effects of SARS COV2 infection. QMF  now endorses long-COVID brain fog treatment using the Neuradiant 1070 device to deliver transcranial pulsed and continuous self administered transcranial photobiomodulation (TPBM) therapy to resolve long-COVID brain fog. Positive results were observed following twelve, 14-minute treatments conducted 3x weekly for one month. This poster, sponsored in part by Quietmind Foundation and Neuronic Device Ltd., clarifies the mechanism of action, i.e.,  mitochondrial activation and increased ATP, glia and neuronal cell production. We continue supporting these ongoing investigations at the basic science and translational level to improve the chances of 200+MM people who have developed COVID-related neurological injuries. Financial and technical support for these efforts is greatly appreciated and fully tax deductible. 

This is important to recognize since the prevailing understanding is that lower wavelength penetrate deeper and here we see that 1064 is penetrating slightly deeper than 905nm. I share this to help in our overall appreciation of how much variability there is in the impact of different wavelengths through skin and other tissues. I hope we can see more evidence in future in vivo human studies. The peak transmission through water is at this 1060-1070nm range and so our thinking is that given the brain is 70% water thereby conferring greater impact on cellular activity. 
 
Abstract: The choice of parameters for laser beams used in the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases
is of great importance. First, to reach high penetration depths into biological tissue and, secondly,
to achieve the required effects on a molecular level. The penetration depth depends on the wavelength
since there are multiple light-absorbing and scattering molecules in tissue with different
absorption spectra. The present study is the first comparing the penetration depth of 1064 nm laser
light with light of a smaller wavelength (905 nm) using high-fidelity laser measurement technology.
Penetration depths in two types of tissue ex vivo (porcine skin and bovine muscle) were investigated.
The transmittance of 1064 nm light through both tissue types was consistently higher than of
905 nm light. The largest differences (up to 5.9%) were seen in the upper 10 mm of tissue, while the
difference vanished with increasing tissue thickness. Overall, the differences in penetration depth
were comparably small. These results may be of relevance in the selection of a certain wavelength in
the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases with laser therapy.

Quietmind is working to better articulate the importance of the various wavelengths and studying how best to leverage their benefits in producing better clinical outcomes and a higher level of precision medical application of near-infrared photobiomodulation. 


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I am grateful to Gary for having written this as it saved me a lot of time and captures a great many points I find of particular importance for the people with whom we are working at Quietmind Fdn. and those with whom we consult through the online consultation program at Neuronic Devices Ltd. I strongly suggest everyone give a close reading to the following and incorporate into your lives as much of the suggested lifestyle and behavioral advice as you can. 

​Introduction
this article, I seek to coherently bring together three of the major themes which run through and inform my writings, and explain how these all fit together, and what this tells us about the human condition. The three parts/themes are:

1. the “Divided Brain” research of Dr Iain McGilchrist, on how the left and right hemispheres of our brains provide us with two very different ways of attending to the world, and two very different experiences of our own bodies;
2. the right hemisphere “Cortical Shock” model of chronic illnesses and trauma of Dr Joaquin Farias and Bonnie Badenoch, which suggests that, under conditions of chronic stress, our right brain cortex gets shutdown, and that this manifests as asymmetric physical symptoms in our bodies;
3. the Vagus Nerve research of Dr Stephen Porges, which states that we have left and right branches of this major bidirectional super-information highway between our brain and body, and that these left and right Vagus Nerve branches have markedly different motor and sensory functions in the body.

The Divided Brain
We begin with the research of Dr Iain McGilchrist, on the different ways that the left and right hemispheres of our brains work. For anyone unfamiliar with his work, I highly recommend the short RSA Animation. An interesting and relevant side note here from the video is that, as well as being functionally totally asymmetric, our brains are physically highly asymmetric too!

Let us begin with some quotes from McGilchrist’s book “The Master and His Emissary”.
“The right brain hemisphere is deeply connected to the self as 'embodied'. The left carries an image of only the contralateral right side of the body - when the right hemisphere is incapacitated, the left side of the body virtually ceases to exist for that person! The right lobe, however, has a whole body image, disturbances to this lobe lead to profound illnesses, such as body dysmorphia and anorexia nervosa.”
“The right and left also see the body in different ways... the right is responsible for our sense of body as something in which we 'live'... for the left, the body is something from which we are relatively detached, a thing, devitalized. There is greater proprioceptive awareness in the right, where it is far more closely linked to physiological changes that occur in the body when we experience emotions.”

Proprioception is the sense of location and movement of our own body parts.

McGilchrist provides illustrative case studies revealing just how deep and profound right hemisphere damage goes:
“the left appears to see the body as an assemblage of parts... if the right is not functioning properly, e.g after a right hemisphere stroke, the left may actually deny having anything to do with a body part which does not seem to be working according to the left's instructions... One person believed quite firmly that the paralysed arm belonged to her mother!”

I often use this example to illustrate just how profoundly delusional we can be when we are stuck in left-hemisphere overactivated states. Another important point for later is that, according to McGilchrist, the right hemisphere is also mainly responsible for our “social engagement functions”, including “prosody” of voice [the melodic, emotional content of speech], and facial expression. According to McGilchrist, not only do these tend to go offline with right hemisphere damage, so does the ability to recognize emotions in the faces and voices of others.

The Asymmetric Body

While McGilchrist’s work is illustrated by what happens to folks who have lost functionality of the right hemisphere due to physical damage, e.g. from a stroke, the research of Dr Joaquin Farias and Bonnie Badenoch reveals that the right brain hemisphere can go in to [emotional] “shock”, e.g. due to a chronic illness, or trauma. Basically, even though there is no physical damage, our right hemispheres can get temporarily shutdown when under chronic stress or duress, with similar outcomes as if we had had a right hemisphere stroke!

According to Farias, dystonia, abnormal muscle tensions, chronic pain, and movement disorders result from the brain forgetting or losing sight of specific muscles, typically on the left side, and thus muscles on the opposite side (usually the right) over-compensate, thus becoming permanently cramped and chronically painful, all caused by right hemisphere going into cortical shock. This concurs with McGilchrist’s perspective that, when the right hemisphere is not functioning, the brain loses the sense of half the body.

This led me to wondering whether internal organs could also be affected, as well as the muscles. Indeed, does a right cortical shock due to chronic stress also mean we lose some of our internal senses of our bodily functions - our “interoception”, as well as our proprioception? If indeed "when the right hemisphere is incapacitated, the left side of the body virtually ceases to exist for that person" what does this mean for the feedback and proper working of the parts inside our body on the left?

I think this is a very interesting idea to consider, since our internal workings are far from symmetrical, as shown in the image below from wikipedia. So if we now consider a right cortical shock, which internal parts to left might also be forgotten?

The most notable organ highly orientated to the left is the spleen. The spleen is crucial for proper immune function, infection control and the lymph system. Auto-immune type symptoms, poor response to infections, and inflammatory issues abound in those of us with trauma issues, chronic conditions, and when we are under chronic stress, indicating that indeed poor spleen function could be at play.

Note the heart does not lie symmetrically across the bodies centre line, either. Could a right cortical shock go hand in hand with poor heart rate variability (HRV), which is associated with a weakened response to external and internal stressors? Again, HRV tends to be notably downregulated when we are suffering from chronic conditions. We will explore, and provide some answers to, this question, more below.

The shape of the stomach and the intestines are also highly asymmetrical, e.g. the ascending colon and the descending colon are on opposites sides. Would my idea therefore help make sense of why those of us suffering trauma and chronic conditions tend to have very significant issues with digestion, food sensitivities, irritable bowel type disorders, constipation, etc.?

The Bridge

Below are some notes from the very interesting scientific article “Vagal Tone and the Physiological Regulation of Emotion” by Dr Stephen Porges, and co-workers. Indeed, I found this particularly interesting because it appears to provide the physiological link between McGilchrist's divided brain research, which looks at the different functions of the left and right hemisphere's of the brain, and Farias' cortical shock model, which explains movement disorders and dysautonomia as originating from the right hemisphere going into shutdown due to an [emotional] shock.

“The Vagus Nerve is bilateral, with a Left and a Right branch. Each branch has two source nuclei (dorsal and ventral) where the nerve fibres originate in [the brainstem]” So as well as Dorsal and Ventral Vagus Nerves branches, there are Left and Right branches of both as well, which run down either sides of our necks and then wander off to various organs.

“Pathways from the Left and Right Dorsal Vagus Nerve to the stomach have different regulatory functions. The Left Dorsal Vagus innervates the cardiac and body portions of the stomach that promote primarily secretion of gastric fluids.”
So here is a first illustration that the functions of the left and right branches of the Vagus Nerve are asymmetric in function.

“The Right Dorsal Vagus innervates the lower portion of the stomach that controls the pyloric sphincter regulating the emptying into the duodenum [allowing emptying of the stomach into the small intestine].”
So the left and right branches of the Dorsal Vagus are both intimately involved in the gut, but do different things there. Dysregulation of the Right Dorsal Vagus, e.g. due to damage to the right side of the brain, will have specific impacts on digestion.

“The Ventral Vagus is also lateralized. Whie the Right one provides the primary input to the sino-atrial (S-A) node [a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, which spontaneously produce an electrical impulse, that travels through the heart, causing it to contract, setting the rhythm of the heart] to regulate atrial rate and determine heart rate, the Left one provides the primary input to the atrio-ventricular (A-V) node [co-ordinates the top of the heart] to regulate ventricular rate."

So both the Left and Right Ventral Vagus Nerve branches are involved with the heart, but again they have different, asymmetric functions. “...characteristics of right-side brain damage are associated with defective Right Ventral Vagus regulation. In this manner, the observed deficits in prosody [melodic tone of voice] and in heart-rate changes… associated with right-side brain damage… implicate the Right Ventral Vagus in the regulation of vocal intonation and attention.”

Indeed, so this provides the physical link between McGilchrist's divided brain research and Farias's "right cortical shock" model of dystonia and dysautonomia: during a right hemisphere cortical shock, the Right Ventral Vagus will also be downregulated and partially offline, resulting in the loss of control of the motor and organ functions that it is primarily responsible for.

Summary

1. The right brain hemisphere is ascendant in our embodied experience, and in emotional and social engagement with our fellow humans.
2. When the right hemisphere is damaged, we become dissociated from our body, and emotionally disconnected from other people.
3. The loss of control of the Right Vagus Nerve due to right hemisphere damage can result in disruptions of physiological function, including facial expression, tone of voice, digestion and cardiovascular regulation.
4. When we are under chronic stress, or suffering from chronic illness or trauma, the right hemisphere can go into shock or shutdown, and hence the same presentations as physical right hemisphere damage can manifest temporarily, including the disconnection from our own body and from other people, and the loss of control of heart, face, voice and digestive functions.
   
   

Practical Application

One of the major pragmatic reasons for sharing this information is to help us all to be more understanding and forgiving of how the people in our lives are affected by chronic conditions, stress and trauma. Hopefully, this knowledge allows us to have more compassion when others necessarily disconnect from us, or behave in seemingly hurtful ways, due solely to involuntary physiological shifts that occur when they are under stress and duress. Furthermore, it instructive that, if we wish to help, we need to engage folks who are suffering in ways which will activate and stimulate their right hemispheres, and Vagus Nerves, and to avoid causing these to shutdown even harder. In other words, I hope it reveals something important about the human condition.

Moving on to how this information helps us to help ourselves. Firstly, it allows us to recognize when we are stressed, or not in a healthy state, ourselves, based on how disconnected or dissociated we are from our own body and how disconnected we are feeling from people in our lives. Secondly, it allows us to recognize that chronic stress is a root cause of many physiological symptoms, and that stress reduction and trauma healing is therefore key and vital to physical symptom reduction.

It also informs us that we can benefit through practices which activate and strengthen the right hemisphere and the Vagus Nerve, so as to build resilience against them shutting down. These systems tend to atrophy with lack of use, and hence one can get in to viscous circles of them become weaker and shutting off more easily, so it is vital to exercise to them. Dancing and tai chi are particularly beneficial for increasing proprioception and interception. Singing is particularly beneficial for exercising the social engagement circuits.

Basically, we need to engage in “neural exercises”, and also make changes in our lives, which activate and bolster the right hemisphere’s way of attending to the world. Similarly, engaging in practices which increase “Vagal Tone”, as measured through heart rate variability, through Vagus Nerve stimulating activities, will also help.

For example, Dr Farias has created a “Dystonia Recovery Programme”, where he offers a wide variety of neural exercises based on these concepts. I also keep and provide a master list of suggestions of things we can do to improve matters here:

Here is a list of things which my studies lead me to believe are most helpful for living a healthy, good life. These include the need to be doing everything we can to calm our Nervous Systems, Immune Systems, inflammation, stressful emotional states and anxious thoughts, to address unhealthy relationships, to restore a sense of internal and external safety, and to send the message to our biology that “the war is over”. I would currently summarize these as:

• identify and remove, or remove ourselves from, as many stressors as possible;
• prioritise sleep, rest and relaxation;
• minimize use of and exposure to non-natural chemicals and chemical products;
• remove inflammatory, highly processed and artificial foods from diet;
• restore healthy patterns of breathing from the diaphragm and through the nose;
• address, restore and maintain fascia health;
• hydrate extremely well;
• address constipation;
• clear lymph nodes;
• cultivate a daily meditative practice, whether meditation, hypnotherapy, art therapy, etc., anything which gives our minds a break from verbose, busy and anxious thoughts;
• re-connect body and brain through daily movement and dance;
• spend time in nature;
• appropriately stimulate the Ventral Vagus Complex and Social Engagement functions of the Nervous System;
• synchronise brain hemispheres, rebalance brain by cultivating the right brain’s embodied, connected, big picture, present way of attending;
• attend to ruptures in interpersonal relationships, past and present. and identify and avoid toxic people;
• practice gratitude, forgiveness, kindness and compassion, seek to let go of chronic anger, hate, despite and try not to engage in judging, blaming and shaming others;
• improve relationship with food and mealtimes through how, where and when we eat, not just what we eat;
• determine, by trial and error if necessary, our personal responses to food, and find our own personalized optimal health giving foods and food sensitivities;
• address trauma with appropriate therapies;
• engage in personal development and cultivate a growth mindset;
• reject the Medical Institutionalized Narrative, which uses the language of war such as “battling the disease” or “fighting PD”, and instead focus on making peace inside and out;
• stay curious and playful, maximise joy and pleasure in life;
• focus on what the suffering has to teach us, and not on the suffering itself;
• avoid consuming the News Agenda, don’t watch horror films and thrillers, instead cultivate an enjoyment of and appreciation for comedy and romance;
• don’t totally abdicate the responsibility for our own health to “experts”, but instead learn as much as possible about how own bodies and minds work;
• seek to gain as much agency to act independently and make free choices as possible.
• understand that perfectionism and trying control everything comes with great cost;
• develop our sense of having a right to be, the knowledge that we are enough as we are, and that we have no points to prove;
• cultivate a sense that life is purposeful;

Although this may seem like a tall order, these all support one another and there are many positive feedback loops and virtuous circles. Think of it as a menu of choices to pick from, and that not all need to be pursued simultaneously, so we start with the lowest hanging fruit for us, and this will help open up and make some of the other options easier to incorporate. None of these suggestions are individually particularly onerous or consuming of large amounts of time per day. It is more about taking a long term view of changing the habits of a lifetime, repatterning ingrained, unhealthy behaviours, and removing ourselves from toxic environments, relationships and situations, thereby decreasing our exposures to as many risk factors for worsening health.

Study PI, Indu Subramanian, MD, clinical professor, Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles Indu Subramanian, MD, clinical professor, Department of Neurology, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles found adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased motor and nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) and reduced quality of life (QOL).

Sadly and not surprisingly, this was the first study evaluating childhood trauma and PD. Subjects with PD who reported more than one ACE all experienced a statistically significant decrease in QOL, and for each additional ACE, there was significant worsening of motor symptoms.

I'm pleased that our research on the use of transcranial 1070nm photobiomodulation (tPBM) rapidly produced a decrease in both motor and behavioral symptoms in PD subjects. The data was obtained during post study narrative reviews with clinical trial subjects who were enrolled in a expanded feasibility trial focusing on tPBM impact on cognition. A subgroup of subjects were dually diagnosed with PD and early to mid-stage dementia and these subjects and their caregivers reported significant improvement in both cognitive, motor, expressiveness, sleep quality and decreased apathy.  
The study was published online February 20 in Neurology: Clinical Practice .

For information on tPBM therapy click here